Antibodies
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Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances like pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses). They bind specifically to antigens, marking them for destruction or directly blocking their function.
Key Topics Related to Antibodies:
Structure & Types:
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD classes.
Variable (antigen-binding) and constant regions.
Function:
Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation.
Production:
B-cell activation, clonal selection.
Monoclonal vs. Polyclonal Antibodies:
Lab-produced (mAbs) vs. natural immune response.
Medical Applications:
Diagnostics (ELISA), therapies (cancer, autoimmune diseases).
Hybridoma Technology:
Creation of monoclonal antibodies.
Antibody Engineering:
Humanized antibodies, bispecific antibodies.
Immunity & Vaccination:
Role in adaptive immunity, vaccine response.
Research Tools:
Flow cytometry, Western blotting.